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© 1997 Oliver Baumann • Ermenegildo Bidese |
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| 2020 | Nicoletta Dal Lago: Toponimi 'a crollo' | ||
| In: academia.edu | |||
| In my previous draft Toponimi camuffati I have identified a fairly widespread type of toponyms of the so-called ‘Cimbrian Corridor’. In this Venetian area, between ‘Val Sugana’ and ‘Valle dell’Adige’, Cimbrian dialects were spoken until the 17th-18th century, when they are completely replaced by Venetian contact languages. Despite this a few Cimbrian words have survived ‘disguising themselves’ (‘camuffati’) into toponyms looking like Venetian words. In this draft, instead, I propose to recognize an Cimbrian origin to several toponyms not semantically interpretable as Venetian words, which I called Toponimi ‘a crollo’ (‘falling down’). In fact they are, as I show, Cimbrian nouns or phrases (mostly prepositional phrases) that have lost their initial or final part (mostly the noun) becoming incomprehensible for the speakers of Venetian dialects. In particular, in several toponyms I recognize Cimbrian prepositional phrases (PP) saving their head (e. g. Ka ‘ai’, Fonz ‘until’, Fan ‘on’ ) but not (or partially) their complement noun. My proposals, of course, are based on ‘speculation’, as documented evidence in this area is not yet available. Keywords: contact languages, toponyms, ‘Cimbrian Corridor’ | |||
| Download ### Online | 2020 |  |
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| 2019 | Nicoletta Dal Lago: Toponimi 'camuffati' nell'alta e media valle dell'Agno | ||
| In: academia.edu und CIMBRI/TZIMBAR n 58 | |||
| The Cimbrians settled in a morphologically uniform area. Several toponyms referring to similar features of the landscape are found both in the linguistic islands of Trentino and Venetian highlands, and in the so-called ‘Cimbrian Corridor’, where the Cimbrian languages disappeared centuries ago. For example the Cimbrian ‘LAZ’ standing for a man made track in the woods to make timber slide downstream is the basis for several toponyms and is used to form simple nouns, heads of compounds, or inside prepositional phrases that were later lexicalized. Where Cimbrian and Venetian dialects came into contact first, the LAZ-based toponyms have beeen subjected to a strong and long-lasting pressure, undergoing radical transformation. Namely, as I show in my work, the toponyms Spelaccia and Cappellazzi, referring to two settlements in the middle and upper Agno valley (belonging to the Cimbrian Corridor), have been ‘disguised’ as two alterate Venetian words, respectively as a verb the former, and as a noun the latter. | |||
| Download ### Online | 2019 | |
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| 2019 | Ermenegildo Bidese: Developing pro-drop. The case of Cimbrian | ||
| In: Federica Cognola & Jan Casalicchio (eds.), Null Subjects in Generative Grammar. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 52–69 |
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| The syntax of Cimbrian, a Germanic heritage language spoken in the North-East of Italy, is at a very peculiar developmental stage: on the one hand it has lost the V2 linear restriction, but still maintains both pronominal subject inversion (Vfin-pron) and a residual word order asymmetry (main versus embedded word order pattern); on the other, it is characterized by both ‘free’ subject inversion (VP DP) and the systematic violation of the ‘that-trace’ filter, but does not allow any kind of null subject. This very specific mixture of both V2- and pro-drop properties gives us an opportunity to revisit the traditional assumption that Germanic V2 (i.e.: word order restriction due to mandatory Vfin to C movement in the root context) is incompatible with full pro-drop. On the basis of the Cimbrian data, we propose that the development of pro-drop crucially depends on the loss of V-to-Fin movement and, conse-quently, on the lowering of structural subject agreement within TP so that the whole complex process of feature sharing (KEEP, SHARE, DONATE) between C and I is restructured, changing from a C-dominant system to an I-dominant system. | |||
| Download ### Online | 2019 |  |
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| 2018 | Ermenegildo Bidese & Oliver Schallert: Partikelverben und sekundäre Prädikastive im Zimbrischen | ||
| In: Rabanus, Stefan (Hg.): Deutsch als Minderheitensprache in Italien: Theorie und Empirie kontaktinduzierten Sprachwandels. Hildesheim/Zürich/New York: Olms, S.145-182. | |||
| ERMENEGILDO BIDESE und OLIVER SCHALLERT behandeln unter dem Titel „Partikelverben und sekundäre Prädikative im Zimbrischen“ zwei syntaktische Phänomene, die üblicherweise als Indikatoren für die Klassifikation einer Varietät als OV- oder VO-Sprache dienen. An sich müsste man erwarten, dass der durch andere Indikatoren belegte Übergang des Zimbrischen (von Lusern) von einer OV- zu einer VO-Sprache dazu führt, dass Verbpartikeln postverbal stehen (z. B „ich habe gehört auf die Arbeit“ ‘ich habe die Arbeit aufgehört’) – was allerdings im Zimbrischen nicht obligatorisch ist (auch „ich habe aufgehört die Arbeit“ ist möglich). Die Autoren sprechen bezüglich dieses Phänomens von einer „Amalgamierung von VO- und OV-Eigenschaften“. Diese zeigt sich auch bei den sekundären Prädikativen: Etwa kann das Prädikativ ‘klein’ in bei VO-Sprachen erwartbarer Distanzstellung zum Verb am Satzende stehen wie in „er hat geschnitten die Gurken klein“; aber auch die Adjazenzstellung wie in „er hat geschnitten klein die Gurken“ ist möglich. | |||
| Download ### Online | 2018 |  |
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| 2018 | Cecilia Poletto & Emanuela Sanfelici: On relative complementizers and relative pronouns | ||
| In: Linguistic Variation, Volume 18, Issue 2, Dec 2018, p. 265 - 298. | |||
| This paper explores the syntactic status of che and (il) qual(e) relativizers, i.e. what are standardly referred to as relative complementizers and relative pronouns, in Old and Modern Italian and Italian varieties and proposes a unified analysis for both types of items. It takes into account the ongoing debate regarding the categorial status of relativizers (Kayne 1975, 2008, 2010; Lehmann 1984; Manzini & Savoia 2003, 2011, among many others) and aims at showing that what we call complementizers are not C0 heads, as commonly assumed. Instead, we propose that both relative “complementizers” and “pronouns” have the same categorial status, i.e. they are wh-items and are part of the relative clause-internal head. | |||
| Download ### Online | 2018 | |
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| 2018 | Ermenegildo Bidese, Andrea Padovan und Claudia Turolla: Mehrsprachigkeit in den zimbrischen Sprachinseln anhand einiger syntaktischer Phänomene | ||
| In: Alpindeutsch. Einfluss und Verwendung des Deutschen im alpinen Raum. Jahrbuch der Johann-Andreas-Schmeller-Gesellschaft 2017, Publisher: Vulpes, pp.141-163 | |||
| Heute wird Zimbrisch nur – und zunehmend meist von der älteren Bevölkerung – im kleinen Bergdorf Lusérn (Luserna) im Trentino als Kommunikationsmittel im Alltag verwendet. In den Sieben Gemeinden gilt es als ausgestorben, wobei anzumerken ist, dass der alte Dialekt durch regelmäßige Erwachsenenkurse tradiert und dank der Neuen Medien (Internet-Foren und Facebook-Seiten, die teilweise nur auf 7G Zimbrisch geführt werden) noch einen kleinen, wenn auch virtuellen Anwendungsbereich behält. Auch in den Dreizehn Gemeinden besitzt das Zimbrische mittlerweile fast nur musealen Charakter, wobei man dort noch einzelne, meist ältere Sprecher finden kann. Seit den Anfängen der sprachwissenschaftlichen Forschung zu Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts hat man im Zimbrischen wegen seines konservativen Charakters einen idealen Forschungsgegenstand gesehen, z.B. um ältere, rekonstruierte Stufen zu überprüfen, oder um dialektologische Systematisierungs- und Be schreibungskonzeptionen zu testen. Johann Andreas Schmeller (1785–1852) führte zwei beschwerliche Forschungsreisen in den zimbrischen Gebieten durch, aus denen zwei z.T. heute noch gültige wissen schaftliche Arbeiten hervorgingen (vgl. Schmeller 1838 und 1855). Weitere wichtige, empirisch fundierte Forschungen zur Dokumentation und Beschreibung auf Basis der Junggrammatikermethodik sind von der sogenannten Wiener Mundartschule durchgeführt worden, vor allem im Bereich der Phonologie und Morphologie sowie des Lexikons. Das Wiener Phonogrammarchiv bewahrt die Wachsschallplatten mit den Phonogrammaufnahmen auf, die Primus Lessiak und Anton Pfalz 1912 auf dem Hauptplatz von Asiago machten. Später beschäftigten sich Eberhard Kranzmayer (1897–1975) in seiner posthum erschienenen Dissertation (vgl. Kranzmayer [1923] 1981-1985) und Maria Hornung in vielen Aufsätzen (vgl. u.a. Hornung 1984a, 1984b und 1987) intensiv mit dem Zimbrischen vor allem aus sprachhistorischer Perspektive. Anders als Schmeller, der an der synchro nen Darstellung des gesprochenen Zimbrischen interessiert war, waren Kranzmayer und Hornung vor allem auf der Suche nach Sprachaltertümlichkeiten im Zimbrischen (vgl. hierfür Rowley 2010: 14-17). Zu erwähnen sind noch die monumentale, im Typoskript fünfbändige Zimbrische Gesamtgrammatik (vgl. Schweizer [1951-1953] 2008) mit einer sehr ausgedehnten Behandlung der Syntax und der Zimbrische Sprachatlas (vgl. Schweizer 2012) von Bruno Schweizer (1897–1958). Was die Arbeit Schweizers charakteri siert, ist in Abhebung sowohl von Schmeller als auch von Kranzmayer-Hornung der empirische Vergleich unter den zimbrischen Varietäten. Diese vergleichende Darstellung des Zimbrischen zeichnet sich durch eine äußerst penible Dokumentation aller möglichen Varietäten und Varianten aus, von denen einige – zum Beispiel die heute ausgestorbenen Dialekte von San Sebastiano und Carbonare auf der Hochebene von Folgaria (vgl. Schweizer [1940] 2002) – fast nur durch Schweizers empirische Forschung bekannt sind. Als einziger unter den deutschsprachigen Wissenschaftlern vertrat er die These eines langobardischen Ursprungs der zimbrischen Kolonien (vgl. hierzu Schweizer 1948 und Dow 2008). | |||
| Download ### Online | 2018 | |
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| 2017 | Ermenegildo Bidese: The correlation between unbalanced bilingualism and language decay in small language minorities | ||
| In: Bollettino dell’Atlante linguistico italiano (BALI) 41, 95-107 | |||
| “The children have they said go-they play the ball.” This sentence reproduces in English an instance of syntax uttered by a person who was born in a family speaking a German minority language in Italy, and who has spent her entire life in the minority community. She is a speaker with lower competence of her own native language, as is often the case in lesser-used language communities where only a part of the speakers achieve a full competence in the minority language. This puzzling case raises some compelling questions: (i) How pervasive are the effects of incomplete L1 acquisition in adult minority speakers in the specific environment of the small language minorities? (ii) Where can we find the linguistic reasons for incomplete L1 acquisition in minority communities? Are there early signals in the language production of children born in these communities that might allow us to predict, even before they begin school, how their minority language competence will be like, as adults? In this squib I present some preliminary results based on two pilot studies that I carried out with my research group on two German(ic) minority languages in Italy. In addition I discuss future research perspectives. | |||
| Download ### Online | 2017 | |
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| 2017 | Ermenegildo Bidese: Der kontaktbedingte Sprachwandel. Eine Problemannäherung aus der I-language-Perspektive | ||
| In: Tanaka, Shin, Elisabeth Leiss, Werner Abraham and Yasuhiro Fujinawa (eds.) (2017): Grammatische Funktionen aus Sicht der japanischen und deutschen Germanistik [= Linguistische Berichte. Sonderheft 24]. Hamburg: Buske, 135–157 |
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| Eines der Grundprobleme der Sprachkontaktforschung ist die Unterscheidung der verschiedenen Ebenen oder Szenarien, auf denen Sprachkontakt und kontaktbedingter Sprachwandel passieren. Dieser Beitrag setzt sich mit diesem Problem auseinander und schlägt vor, zwischen zwei Sprachkontaktebenen zu unterscheiden: die Ebene des stabilen Sprachsystems der bilingualen Gemeinschaft als generell von den Sprechern geteilte Sprachkompetenz und die Ebene der Kompetenz des bilingualen Sprechers. Dabei wird eine Perspektive gewählt, die versucht zu erklären, wie auf beiden Ebenen syntaktische Merkmale, die aus zwei unterschiedlichen linguistischen Quellen (die Empfänger-und die Modellsprache) stammen, in einem neuen Muster integriert bzw. rekombiniert werden. Dies startet bei einem Sprecher oder einer Gruppe von Sprechern und kann zur stabilen Sprachkompetenz der ganzen Gemeinschaft verallgemeinert werden. | |||
| Download ### Online | 2017 | |
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| 2017 | Ermenegildo Bidese: Reassessing Contact https://www.zimbrisch.de/artikel-linguistik - Signposts Towards an Explanatory Approach to Language Contact | ||
| In: Zeitschrift für Dialektologie and Linguistik LXXXIV(2-3), 126–151. | |||
| This contribution aims to clarify some fundamental issues concerning contact https://www.zimbrisch.de/artikel-linguistik, by (a) defining language contact, (b) distinguishing between investigation levels and (c) presenting the methodology of this particular explanatory approach to the analysis of contact https://www.zimbrisch.de/artikel-linguistik phenomena. The perspective, from which I address the questions above, is largely atypical within the field of contact https://www.zimbrisch.de/artikel-linguistik. It starts from the well-known distinction between E- and I-language introduced by Chomsky (1986) and draws up a linguistic model of the internal principles and rules (I-Grammar) that govern the combination and recombination of abstract linguistic features from different languages in both the mind of the bilingual person and the grammatical system of a bilingual community. I present data from Cimbrian, a German-based minority language still spoken in Northern Italy, which is a key-study for contact https://www.zimbrisch.de/artikel-linguistik, since it has been evolving under pressure from Italian and Romance dialects for many centuries. The contact phenomena are analyzed both from the perspective of the whole grammatical system, which is shared by the entire population of speakers, and from the perspective of the gram-matical innovations so far made by very few speakers, which may, nevertheless, represent possible future developments of the Cimbrian grammar. | |||
| Download ### Online | 2017 | |
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| 2017 | Werner Abraham: Zimbrisch - was ist das überhaupt? | ||
| In: Wiener Sprachblätter, Jg. 67, Heft 2 (Juni 2017) | |||
| Das Zimbrische ist das Deutsch altbairischer und alttirolischer Siedler in Oberitalien, Zimbern ist der Kollektivname genau genommen (d.h. so wie sich die Zimbrischen heute selbst verstehen) nur für die Einheimischen der „13 Gemeinden” in der Provinz Verona und die „7 Gemeinden“ im Asiago, die Sprecher des Dorfes Lusérn im Trentino und von Kansilien. Alle haben jeweils ihren eigenen zimbrischen Sprachvarianten. Dagegen zählen nicht dazu die Deutschvarianten der 3 Gemeinden des Fersentals/ Bersntoles im Trentino (das Mócheno, wie es die Einheimischen selbst nennen), die von Pladen (Plodn, ital. Sappada) und der Zahre. Letztere sind wohl alle Sprecher altsüddeutscher bzw. alttirolischer Minoritätsvarianten inmitten italienischsprechender Majoritätsbevölkerungen und deren Verwaltungen. Zu dieser klaren Trennung des Fersentalerischen (des Mòcheno, wie die Italiener dazu sagen) sowie der deutschsprachigen Orte Pladen und der Zahre nicht zum Zimbrischen. Dazu gibt es gewichtige siedlungshistorische und lautliche Gründe. Schon Schmeller (1838) übernimmt Cimbrisch nach der italienischen akademischen Tradition explizit nur für die 7 und 13 Gemeinden. Auch Kranzmayer (1981) berücksichtigt in seiner Laut- und Flexionslehre des Zimbrischen das Fersental nicht. In der Einleitung zur Lautgeographie (Kranzmayer 1956) zählt er die Sprachinseln explizit auf: die Sieben Gemeinden, die Dreizehn Gemeinden und dann Folgaria und Lavarone; das seien die zimbrischen Sprachinseln, die er von den restlichen Sprachinseln klar trennt und deren Scheidung er auf lauthistorische Unterscheidungen gründet: Das Zimbrische hat erheblich altertümlichere Lautungen als das Fersental oder Pladen, die lautlich nicht weit aus dem Rahmen des Südbairischen herausfallen. | |||
| Download ### Online | 2017 | |
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| 2017 | Nicoletta Dal Lago: Parole glosse' nei dialetti vicentini. Su alcuni prestiti dal cimbro | ||
| In: academia.edu | |||
| In this section of ‘Voci di corridoio cimbro’ I’ll deal with lexicon. More specifically in ‘Parole Glosse’ some Northern Vicenza dialectal nouns are analized as loans from the Cimbrian, the oldest German language spoken everywhere in the so called ‘Cimbrian corridor’ until the XV century at least. Inside the generalized code switching towards the Italian language, these Venetian varieties keep some idiosincratic nouns (glosses) belonging to restricted lexical areas and referring to obsolete objects (typical manufacts of high hill activities). More frequently speakers employ these nouns as what I call (Like)Nouns(Like), ignoring their literal meaning. In the last part of my contribute, I’ll show that the motherese of Valdagno (a Northern Vicenza dialect) still preserves a (L)N(L) noun that has disappeared in the standard dialectal lexicon. | |||
| Download ### Online | 2017 | |
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| 2016 | Nicoletta Dal Lago: Voci di corridoio cimbro | ||
| In: academia.edu und CIMBRI/TZIMBAR 2017, n 54, pp 113-133 | |||
| In this contribute I have examined some toponymes from the so-called Cimbrian Corridor, a wide area connecting the linguistic islands on the Cimbrian highland of Asiago (Roana-Mezzaselva and Luserna) with Lessinia (Giazza). In this area, where the once spoken Cimbrian languages are nowadays extincted, some toponymes probably derive from more or less conservative Cimbrian compounds. Considered the data from Valdagno (Vi), I claim that such toponymes are also likely to be found in urbanized floor valley when Cimbrians settled as well. Secondly I show that the Cimbrian enclaves will share the 'Cimbrian Corridor' condition in a short time: L1 speakers of Cimbrian language are in fact quickly disappearing. In the near future, I hope, I will investigate the Venetian dialects inside the Cimbrian Corridor to highlight the Cimbrian imprinting in a restricted lexical area: although both the high hill productive activities and the mountain flora and fauna languages are quickly exstinguishing, a few Cimbrian words belonging to this lexical area can still be used metaphorically in the modern Cimbrian Corridor dialects. | |||
| Download ### Online | 2016 | |
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| 2016 | Ermenegildo Bidese, Jan Casalicchio & Patrizia Cordin: Il ruolo del contatto tra varietà tedesche e romenze nella costruzione 'verbo più locativo' | ||
| In: VOX ROMANICA, v. 75, (2016) | |||
| In this article we examine some effects of language contact in the multilingual province of Trento, where Romance and Germanic varieties have been in contact for centuries. We focus on the syntax of phrasal verbs (e. g. ‘go out’, ‘get away’) in Trentin, a Romance dialect group, in Fassan, a Rhaeto-romance variety, and in Cimbrian, a German(ic) minority language. In particular, we deal with two word order phenomena which might be attributed to contact with the more prestigious or widespread varieties spoken in the area: (i) in some Fassan phrasal verbs we find the order «Verb – XP – Locative element», which resembles the German order; (ii) in Cimbrian various syntactic positions are possible; one of them corresponding to the one used in Trentino dialects and Regional Italian. Despite these resemblances, we show that the «unexpected» word orders found in the two varieties are not syntactic «borrowings» from the close German (for Fassan) and Romance (for Cimbrian) varieties; rather, they are the results of internal changes, which may have been reinforced by contact with other languages. | |||
| Download ### Online | 2016 | |
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| 2015 | Ermenegildo Bidese: La guerra della [s] e della [z] a Luserna. Il valore iconico dell’ortografia nel processo di standardizzazione di una varietà alloglotta germanica in Italia | ||
| In: Dal Negro, S., Guerini, F.: Iannàccaro, G. (edited by), Elaborazione ortografica delle varietà non standard: esperienze spontanee in Italia e all'estero, Bergamo: Sestante (Bergamo University Press), 2015, p. 119-134. - (Biblioteca di Linguistica e Filologia; 2). - ISBN: 9788866421924 | |||
| In the last decades one of the most widespread language policies which are generally meant to halt the decline of regional languages and small minority varieties has been the development of a nor-mative orthography as well as the drawing up of descriptive grammars and dictionaries (see Iannac-caro/Dell’Aquila 2002 and Dell’Aquila/Iannaccaro 2004 among others). Such a process of standard-ization has been also implemented for the three minority languages spoken in the Province of Trento in Northern Italy; firstly for the Ladin variety of the Fassa Valley (see Chiocchetti 1992) and more recently for the two German(ic) languages spoken in this area: Mòcheno in the Fersina Valley (Rowley 2003) and Cimbrian in the small enclave of Lusérn (Panieri et al 2006). As is the case with many unwritten languages or varieties with a limited written tradition, the adoption of a normative orthography in 2006 has provoked a controversial debate in Lusérn. In my contribution, I expound first the orthography adopted for the Cimbrian of Lusérn discussing the “reasons of the experts”, i.e. the graphemic choices and their linguistic justification as well as some inconsistencies. Secondly, I seek to examine the orthographic rule from the perspective of the users, above all, pointing out their tacit orthography systems. As a matter of fact, three orthographic traditions have been coexisting in Lusérn: a German, an Italian and an autochthonous one. These traditions implicitly influence the writing of Cimbrian and clash with the reason of https://www.zimbrisch.de/artikel-linguistik resulting in rejection of the standardiza-tion proposed by the experts. | |||
| Download ### Online | 2015 | |
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| 2014 | Ermenegildo Bidese, Andrea Padovan & Alessandra Tomaselli: The syntax of subordination in Cimbrian and the rationale behind language contact | ||
| In: STUF-Language Typology and Universals 67 (4), 489-510, 2014 | |||
| The aim of this contribution is twofold: (i) providing a detailed description of subordination in Cimbrian and (ii) discussing the concept of language contact in terms of feature transfer. As has been recently pointed out, Cimbrian declarative and relative clauses display a unique pattern among the German dialects w.r.t. embedding. In fact, different complementizers trigger different syntax as regards the position of the finite verb. In our contribution, we extend the analysis to adverbial clauses for the first time and also investigate the double pattern of embedding in indirect WH-questions. Our data suggest that contact-induced syntactic change can be explained in terms of transfer of single abstract features. | |||
| Download ### Online | 2014 | |
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| 2014 | Nicoletta Frankovich Onesti: La lingua dei Longobardi, caratteristiche e problemi |
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| In: Academia,edu. 2014. | |||
| Dall’evoluzione e diffusione dei nomi longobardi si nota inoltre che le due tradizioni antroponimiche, quella germanica e quella latina, nell’VIII secolo si erano ormai intrecciate e fuse, il che comporta, insieme ad altri indizi, l’esistenza di un ampio terreno di scambio fra le due lingue e le due tradizioni onomastiche. I nomi sono solo uno dei tanti sintomi dell’integrarsi delle due culture; i Longobardi nell’VIII secolo si erano ormai acculturati, si erano allontanati dai primitivi costumi barbarici, erano diventati stanziali, amministratori e gastaldi delle città, proprietari terrieri, cristiani che facevano donazioni alla Chiesa e fondavano monasteri, e si facevano anche erigere epitaffi funebri in versi latini. Paolo Diacono, un longobardo figlio del friulano Warnefrit, dopo avere studiato a Pavia, fu tra i dotti più colti dell’epoca, tanto che Carlomagno lo chiamò alla sua Scuola Palatina. ; |
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| Download ### Online | 2014 | |
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| 2014 | Giorgio Maria Di Nunzio und Stefan Rabanus: Research on Geolinguistic Linked Data: The Test Case of Cimbrian Varieties |
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| In: Tosques, Fabio (Hg.) 20 Jahre digitale Sprachgeographie - Tagungsband (Berlin 02. bis 03. November 2012). Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. Institut für Romanistik. 2014. |
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| Giorgio Maria di Nunzio von der Universität Padua erläutert stellvertretend für die Gruppe um Stefan Rabunus neueste Ergebnisse zu den zimbrischen Dialekten. In this paper, we present a geolinguistic linked open data approach of a multidisciplinary and collaborative project, “Cimbrian as a test case for synchronic and diachronic language variation”, which provides linguists with a test bed for formal hypotheses concerning … |
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| Download ### Online | 2014 | |
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| 2014 | Roger Schöntag: Das Zimbrische: Eine Minderheitensprache vor dem Sprachtod | ||
| in: Sprachminderheiten: gestern, heute, morgen/Minoranze linguistiche: ieri, oggi, domani, Publisher: Peter Lang, pp.83-103 | |||
| Abstract: The Cimbrian language is a German variety dating back to the set tlement of Bavarian immigrants in the Ilth century Who founded 'the so called 13 Communities north of Verona and the 7 Communities north of Vicenza (Northern Italy). Apart from some isolated speakers there is only one speech community left: Luserna. The impact of the Italian language and demands of modern life make it quite likely that in spite of legal protection and cultural support, these last 300 speakers will soon abandon their own language in favour of the dominant Italian one. | |||
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| 2013 | Roger Schöntag: Entstehung und Untergang einer Sprachinsel in Abhängigkeit von geographischen, soziokulturellen und politischen Grenzen. Das Zimbrische und andere oberitalienische Minderheiten | ||
| in: Romanistik in Geschichte und Gegenwart 19/2, 131-156 | |||
| Ohne, dass man die gleichen eindeutige Belege aufweisen kann, fällt wohl auch die Besiedlung der VII Gemeinden in die gleiche Zeit (11./12. Jh.). Diese ging entweder vom Bistum Freising aus, dass in dieser Region Besitzungen hatte oder von der aus Deutschland stammenden Familie der Romanos. Belegt ist die Belehnung eines gewissen Ezelo (Hezilo) durch Konrad II. (1024-1039) mit Besitzungen bei Bassano, dem östlichen Teil der VII Gemeinden. Ebenfalls überliefert ist der kaiserliche Urteilsspruch von 1159 durch Friedrich I. Barbarossa (1152-1190), welcher dem Bistum Freising die Besitzungen Godego und Chogno zusprach, die aber kurz danach doch wieder an die Ezzelini gingen. | |||
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| 2013 | Ermenegildo Bidese & Federica Cognolo: Introduzione alla linguistica del mòcheno | ||
| Rosenberg & Sellier, Torino | |||
| Questa pubblicazione, che è stata pensata come un’introduzione aggiornata allo studio linguistico del mòcheno, ha come obiettivo quello di raccogliere in un solo volume i risultati della ricerca linguistica più recente su questa lingua, coprendo tutti i livelli di analisi linguistica, alcuni dei quali non sono mai stati oggetto di studio prima d’ora, come la prosodia. I singoli interventi sul mòcheno sono affiancati da tre contributi su temi generali di grande rilevanza per lo studio di questa lingua minoritaria redatti da esperti internazionali, quali Paola Benincà, Roland Hinterhölzl e Marit Westergaard. Abbiamo inteso questi interventi di carattere generale come una definizione di quello che, a nostro avviso, dovrebbe essere il quadro teorico nel quale è auspicabile si svolga lo studio delle lingue minoritarie: un quadro teorico che privilegi la descrizione corretta del dato linguistico e al contempo il confronto il più ampio possibile con le altre lingue e con le altre fasi linguistiche che presentano fenomeni simili. Per l’ampiezza dei temi trattati, il loro inquadramento teorico e la ricca e aggiornata bibliografia, comprendente anche le tesi di laurea e dottorato svolte sul mòcheno negli ultimi anni, il volume si pone come strumento fondamentale per chiunque si accosti allo studio linguistico di questa varietà di minoranza. | |||
| Download ### Online | 2013 | |
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| 2013 | Ermenegildo Bidese: Media e tecnologia per la sopravvivenza della lingue minoritarie | ||
| "LE PAROLE DEL CUORE" Interview 21. August 2013 | |||
| Interview (ital.) mit Ermenegildo Bidese über Medien und Technik für das Überleben von Sprachen. Tagung LE PAROLE DEL CUORE im Rahmen des Festivals “Tra le Rocce e il cielo” in Obra, Vallarsa |
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| Download ### Online | 2013 | |
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| 2013 | Ermenegildo Bidese, Andrea Padovan & Alessandra Tomaselli: Bilingual competence, complementizer selection and mood in Cimbrian | ||
| In: In «Linguistische Berichte - Sonderheft (special issue)», n. 19 Hamburg : Helmut Buske Verlag, pp. 47-58. ISBN 978-3-87548-675-9 | |||
| The system of Cimbrian embedded declarative clauses unfolds a puzzle w.r.t. the correlation between mood and complementizer selection. As a matter of fact, two different complementizers, i.e. az and ke, can select subjunctive or indicative in predictable contexts: az co-occurs with subjunctive in modal sentences whereas ke introduces indicative in purely declarative clauses, thus a perfectly binary pattern emerges. However, the data we collected in translation tasks from Italian into Cimbrian show the exist-ence of an unexpected symmetry-breaking structure, namely ke + subjunctive. The scenario is even more complex, though, since another unexpected pattern shows up which concerns the 1st person plural. In this very specific context only one complementizer is possible. The aim of our contribution is twofold: (i) accounting for the nature of the two Cimbrian complementizer az and ke and mood selection; (ii) explaining to what extent the two aforementioned unexpected phenomena are connected with contact-induced grammatical change. | |||
| Download ### Online | 2013 | |
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| 2012 | Ermenegildo Bidese & Andrea Padovan: Erodierte Sprachstrukturen und Grammatiktheorie. Zur Morphosyntax der semi-speakers in der zimbrischen Sprachenklave Lusérn und ihrer Bedeutung für die Sprachtheorie | ||
| In: DI MEOLA, C., A. HORNUNG, and L. REGA (eds.), Perspektiven Vier. Akten der 4. Tagung Deutsche Sprachwissenschaft in Italien (Rom, 4.- 6. Februar 2010). Frankfurt am Main: Lang, 161-173 | |||
| Wir stellen ... folgende These auf: die Strukturerosion, die in der Sprachproduktion von semi-speakers sichtbar wird, geht kohärent zu anderen, bereits klassisch gewordenen Studien über unvollständige Sprachstrukturen wie beispielsweise Aphasie, Pidginisierung und unbalancierten bilingualen Spracherwerb, nicht erratisch vonstatten, sondern entlang einer genau vorhersagbaren Implikationsskala. Diese Systematik bewerten wir als relevanten Beitrag zu einem der zentralen Probleme des biolinguistischen Forschungsprogramms, nämlich der Frage nach dem Ursprung der Sprache. |
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| Download ### Online | 2012c | |
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| 2012 | Ermenegildo Bidese, Andrea Padovan & Alessandra Tomaselli: A binary system of complementizers in Cimbrian relative clauses | ||
| In: Working Papers in Scandinavian Syntax 90, 1–21 | |||
| The system of Cimbrian relative clauses manifests itself in a complex scenario: two different complementizers occur in this context: i) the ‘autochthonous’ (Germanic) bo, ... ii) the ‘allochthonous’ ke, ... In our paper we provide empirical evidence for a crucial specialization of both complementizers... In our analysis we aim to explain the binary system of Cimbrian relative complementizers directly addressing the general discussion about relative clauses, showing once more the relevance of both linguistic contact and microvariation for the theory of grammar. |
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| Download ### Online | 2012b | |
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| 2012 | Ermenegildo Bidese, Federica Cognola & Andrea Padovan: Zu einer neuen Verb-Zweit-Typologie in den germanischen Sprachen: der Fall des Zimbrischen und des Fersentalerischen | ||
| In: ANREITER, P., I. HAJNAL, and M. KIENPOINTNER (eds.), In simplicitate complexitas. Festgabe für Barbara Stefan zum 70. Geburtstag. Wien: Praesens, 69-86 | |||
| In diesem Beitrag werden die Daten des Fersentalerischen mit denen des Zimbrischen verglichen, um zu zeigen, dass diese beiden germanischen Varietäten einer anderen V2-Typologie angehören als das Deutsche und die anderen germanischen Sprachen. |
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| Download ### Online | 2012a | |
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| 2011 | Ermenegildo Bidese:Revisiting the Wackernagelposition. The Evolution of the Cimbrian Pronominal Systema | ||
| In: Studies on German-Language Islands. Edited by Michael T. Putnam [Studies in Language Companion Series 123] 2011, pp. 347–368 | |||
| The present contribution reconstructs the development of the personal object pronouns of Cimbrian, a German dialect spoken in Northern Italy which evolved many centuries in close contact with northern Italy’s Romance dialects. With reference to their functional status and their clausal position we discover that Cimbrian’s object pronouns started from a German model and have over time become closer to a Romance one. In the older Cimbrian texts, these elements are clearly recognizable as full phrases (XP), occupying the traditional Wackernagelposition; in modern writings they behave as heads (X°) and appear only in an ‘adverbal’ position, i.e. enclitic to the finite verb, similarly to the syntax of Romance object pronouns. The fact that they cannot be realized as proclitic to the finite verb – like the Romance ones – shows however that the original Germanic syntax limits the influence of that Romance. Attempting to explain this phenomenon, this current study suggests revisiting the structure of the "Wackernagelposition". | |||
| Download ### Online | 2011 | |
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| 2010 | Ermenegildo Bidese: Dal Tedesco Antico al Cimbro. Conversazione col professor Werner Abraham dell’Università di Vienna | ||
| In: unitn Anno XII Numero 117 Agosto-Settembre 2010 | |||
| Il 25 e il 26 maggio 2010 il professor Werner Abraham ha tenuto a Trento due lezioni dal titolo “Gesprochene Syntax in den Zimbrischen Enklaven und ihr Beitrag zur Frage der Sprachuniversalien (Sintassi parlata nelle enclavi cimbre e il suo contributo alla questione degli universali linguistici)” nell’ambito del corso “Die zimbrische Sprache im synchronischen, diachronischen und kontrastiven Vergleich II” finanziato dalla Regione autonoma Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol presso la Facoltà di Lettere e Filosofia dell’Università di Trento. Werner Abraham, ha conseguito il dottorato di ricerca a Vienna nel 1965 con Eberhard Kranzmayer, dal 1971 al 1991 è stato professore ordinario di Germanistica alla Regia Università di Groningen, e dal 1999 è docente onorario di Linguistica generale all’Università di Vienna. | |||
| Download ### Online | 2010 | |
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| 2010 | Agnes Kolmer: Contact-induced changes in cliticization and word order: the Cimbrian dialect of Luserna as a case study | ||
| In: Ferraresi, Gisella and Esther Rinke (Eds.). Language contact and diachronic change. STUF - Language Typology and Universals, Vol. 63, 2010, Issue 2. Berlin: Akademie, 2010. 146–163 | |||
| Which properties of a cliticization system can be borrowed relatively easily and which ones are harder to adapt due to external influence? This article examines the contact situation of the Cimbrian dialect spoken in Luserna as a starting point for a discussion of this question. It presents new data on a German variety which has been exposed to intensive contact with Italian and its local varieties over several generations. The article shows that certain peculiarities of the Cimbrian cliticization system result on the one hand from word order changes and on the other hand from the imitation and integration of the model language’s strategies for mapping information structure onto sentence form. |
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| Download ### Online | 2010 | |
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| 2010 | Ermenegildo Bidese: La tradizione scritta e letteraria | ||
| In: Bidese, E. 2010. Il cimbro negli studi di linguistica. 61-85. | |||
| Alle fonti scritte del cimbro: la ‘letteratura’ cimbra come esempio di genesi d’una tradizione alloglotta scritta Il cimbro dei Sette Comuni rappresenta il caso abbastanza raro di una lingua a diffusione locale, minoritaria rispetto all’ambiente linguistico di contatto che sia riuscita, nel corso della sua storia, a sviluppare una certa tradizione di scrittura e di letteratura. Lo scopo di questo contributo è quello di tracciare le tappe principali di tale sviluppo da un punto di vista linguistico e di presentare così le fonti scritte più significative del cimbro. Per la sua rarità, il caso del cimbro, inoltre, risulta significativo per gli studi sulla genesi d’una tradizione letteraria e si rivela paradigmatico anche per le strategie di corpus planning. |
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| 2010 | Alessandra Tomaselli: La rilevanza del cimbro per gli studi di sintassi nel quadro teorico della grammatica generativa | ||
| In: Bidese, E. 2010.Il cimbro negli studi di linguistica: dalla tradizione filologica alla teoria della grammatica,pp. 41-59 | |||
| Lo studio delle varietà del dialetto cimbro risveglia da sempre un notevole interesse sia nell’ambito degli studi di germanistica, sia nell’ambito degli studi di romanistica; nel primo caso l’attenzione tende a focalizzarsi, inevitabilmente, sulle caratteristiche conservative di questo idioma di origine alto-tedesca, nel secondo, al contrario, sui suoi tratti innovativi, di ‘avvicinamento’ alle varietà romanze limitrofe. Di fatto, il cimbro sembra essersi cristallizzato in una sorta di posizione intermedia con caratteristiche del tutto specifiche, proprie del particolare statuto che lo caratterizza: quello di isola linguistica tedescofona in contesto romanzo. | |||
| Download ### Online | 2010 | |
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| 2009 | Alessandra Tomaselli und Cecilia Poletto: Die Syntax der Pronominalobjekte und die Form des Partizips. Konservative Merkmale in der Sprachgeschichte des Zimbrischen | ||
| In: DI MEOLA, C., L. GAETA, A. HORNUNG, and L. REGA (eds.), Perspektiven Drei. Akten der 3. Tagung Deutsche Sprachwissenschaft in Italien (Rom, 14.-16.2.2008). Frankfurt am Main: Lang, 263-274 | |||
| Der Zweck dieser Arbeit ist zu zeigen, wie sich die Mechanismen des Sprachwandels entfalten, wenn zwei Sprachen in jahrhundertelangem Kontakt sind. Die Daten stammen aus dem Paradigma der Objektklitika der zimbrischen Mundart, einer deutschen Varietät, die noch heutzutage in drei verschiedenen Sprachinseln in Norditalien gesprochen wird (Luserna/TN, Giazza/VR und Roana/VI) und in engem Kontakt mit den angrenzenden romanischen Dialekten steht. Man weiß, dass einige syntaktische Phänomene leichter übernommen werden als andere, wenn zwei Sprachen jahrhundertelang in Kontakt stehen. Es wird hier gezeigt, dass Sprachkontakt die Aufnahme oder den Verlust einer Regel verhindern oder begünstigen kann: z.B. ist die Subjektinversion (/ die Verb-zweit Restriktion) im Rätoromanischen erhalten geblieben, weil diese Sprache im Kontakt mit dem Deutschen steht. Wir behaupten, dass jede syntaktische Regel ins strukturelle System der aufnehmenden Sprache integriert werden muss. So ist der Verlust oder das Entstehen eines einzelnen syntaktischen Phänomens nie zufällig, sondern mit der Grammatik der Sprache eng verbunden. Es wird sich hier zeigen, dass der Bereich der zimbrischen Klitika eine besondere Syntax aufweist, die nie das Klitikum vor dem Verb, also in proklitischer Stellung erlaubt, und im Gegensatz zu den Romanischen Sprachen. |
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| Download ### Online | 2009 | |
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| 2009 | Werner Abraham: Gesprochene Syntax im Zimbrischen der deutschen Sprachinseln Oberitaliens – und was sie über Sprachuniversalien und über Wandel unter Sprachkontakt (nicht) verrät | ||
| Als "Dialektsyntax als gesprochene Syntax – im Besonderen in den Sprachinseldialekten. Was Sprachinseldialekte über Sprachuniversalien und über Wandel unter Sprachkontakt (nicht) verraten" In: Markus Denkler & Jürgen Macha (hg.) Von vrenden, vrinden und vründen. Festgabe für Hermann Niebaum zum 65. Geburtstag, 57-76. [Niederdeutsches Wort. Beiträge zur niederdeutschen Philologie Band 49]. Münster: Aschendorff Verlag |
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| Das Zimberndeutsche, ein deutscher Sprachinseldialekt in Oberitalien, zeigt neben unverkennbaren Zügen der deutschen Satzsyntax auch Abweichungen, die zum Italoromanischen und Italienischen passen. Daraus hat die bisherige Literatur zum Thema abgeleitet, dass die Satzsyntax des Zimbrischen der romanischen Mehrheitssprache nach jahrhundertelanger Isolation vom Deutschen und unter nachbarlichem Einfluss des Italoromanischen bereits teilweise im Sinne nachgegeben hätte. Der vorliegende Ansatz hält dagegen, dass ganz bestimmte Wandelmechanismen durch ausschließliche Mündlichkeitskodierung ausgelöst werden. Die dem Deutschen nicht entsprechenden zimbrischen Wortstellungserscheinungen könnten unter diese Kodierungsspezifik fallen. Allgemeiner noch zur Thematik der Universalien und des Sprachwandels unter Kontakteinfluss mündet die Diskussion in die Grundposition, dass eine einzelne Wandelerscheinung nur unter Abglich mit allen anderen strukturellen Eigenschaften der Sprache zu bewerten ist und dass Wandel nur nach Maßgabe bereits vorhandener autonomer Strukturöffnungen stattfinden kann, die besonders unter ausschließlicher Kodierungsmündlichkeit des Dialekts anders aussehen können als unter schriftlichem Kode einer Dachhochsprache. | |||
| Download ### Online | 2009 | |
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| 2009 | E. Bidese, A. Padovan & A. Tomaselli: Taut∫. Libro per imparare a parlare e a scrivere la parlata di Giazza | ||
| In: Petterlini, A. & A. Tomaselli (eds.), L'eredità cimbra di Monsignor Giuseppe Cappelletti. Verona: Fiorini, 135–189. | |||
| Italian edition with linguistic notes of the original book: Giuseppe Cappelletti / Bruno, Schweizer, Taut6. Puox tze Lirnan Reidan un Scraiban iz Gareida on Ljetzan. Bozen: Ferrari-Auer, 1942, Chapters 1–6. | |||
| Download ### Online | 2009 | |
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| 2009 | Werner Abraham: Rezension Zimbrische Gesamtgrammatik | ||
| In: Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik Bd. 76, H. 2 (2009), pp. 247-257 | |||
| Reviewed Work: Zimbrische Gesamtgrammatik. Vergleichende Darstellung der zimbrischen Dialekte by Bruno Schweizer, James R. Dow Review by: Werner Abraham Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik Bd. 76, H. 2 (2009), pp. 247-257 Published by: Franz Steiner Verlag | |||
| Download ### Online | 2009 | |
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| 2009 | Ermenegildo Bidese: Von morphophonologisch reduzierten Pronomina zu Klitika am Beispiel der Diachronie des Zimbrischen | ||
| In: DI MEOLA, C., L. GAETA, A. HORNUNG, and L. REGA (eds.), Perspektiven Drei. Akten der 3. Tagung Deutsche Sprachwissenschaft in Italien (Rom, 14.-16.2.2008). Frankfurt am Main: Lang, 275-285 | |||
| Ziel vorliegenden Beitrags ist die Rekonstruktion der Diachronie der zimbrischen Objektpronomina in der Varietät der Sieben Gemeinden. Dabei werden drei Texte unter die Lupe genommen, die exemplarisch für drei Entwicklungsstufen dieser Sprache sind: 1) Der erste zimbrische Katechismus von 1602; 2) Der zweite zimbrische Katechismus von 1813; 3) Eine 1895 von Domenico Zotti verfasste Erzählung, Dez Dink vo' der Prucka (Die Sache mit der Brücke), die Aristide Baragiola 1906 veröffentlichte. Dabei wird gezeigt, dass die im ältestüberlieferten zimbrischen Text noch als morphophonologisch reduzierte Formen vorhandenen Personalpronomina, vierhundert Jahre später zu Klitika nach romanischem Muster evolviert sind. Allerdings weisen diese einen grundlegenden Unterschied zu den romanischen Klitika auf: Während jene je nach dem Modus des Satzverbs entweder proklitisch oder enklitisch sein können, kennt das Zimbrische in allen drei heute noch verwendeten Varietäten ausschließlich Enklitika. |
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| Download ### Online | 2009 | |
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| 2008 | Stefanus Rabanus, Birgit Alber & Alessandra Tomaselli: Bericht zum ersten Veroneser Workshop: "Neue Tendenzen in der deutschen Dialektologie: Morpholohie und Syntax" (13./14. Dezember 2007) | ||
| In: ZDL LXXV/1 (2008) | |||
| Die Arbeitsgruppe Germanistische Linguistik an der Universität Verona veranstaltete aufgrund dieser Überlegungen am 13./14. Dezember 2007 einen Workshop mit dem Titel „Neue Tendenzen in der deutschen Dialektologie: Morphologie und Syntax“, zu dem Vertreter der empirisch-dialektologischen und theoretisch-generativen Sprachwissenschaft eingeladen wurden. Ziel war ein bewusst ‚schulenübergreifendes’ Gespräch hinsichtlich der Schnittstellen von Dialektologie und generativer Linguistik, in bezug auf Morphologie und Syntax. Die Diskussion fand in drei Gesprächsrunden statt, in denen jeweils Referate von Dialektologen und Generativisten gegenübergestellt wurden. Siehe Josef Bayer. Variation in der linken Satzperipherie des Bairischen (und verwandter Dialekte) Siehe Ermenegildo Bidese. Die Wackernagelposition als CLP: ein neuer Interpretationsvorschlag zur Position morphophonologisch reduzierter Pronominalelemente in den germanischen Sprachen unter Berücksichtigung des Zimbrischen. | |||
| Download ### Online | 2007 | |
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| 2008 | Josef Bayer & Ellen Brandner: On WH-Head-Movement and the Double filled Comp filter | ||
| In: Proceedings of the 26th West Coast Conference on Formal https://www.zimbrisch.de/artikel-linguistik,ed. Charles B. Chang and Hannah J. Haynie, 87-95. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project. Wccfl 26, 4-29-2007 | |||
| The Doubly-Filled-Comp Filter (DFCF) of the type *[CP WH that] is known to be fully operative in standardized English, German etc. whereas in older stages of these languages and in various dialects, violations of this filter can be found. Examples are known from Bavarian, Bayer (1984), West Flemish, Haegeman (1992), Swiss German, Bader & Penner (1988), Penner & Bader (1995), Schönenberger (2006), but also from the Alemannic dialect spoken in the South-Western part of Germany .... | |||
| Download ### Online | 2007 | |
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| 2007 | Ermenegildo Bidese & Alessandra Tomaselli: Diachronic Development in Isolation: The Loss of V2 Phenomena in Cimbrian | ||
| In: Linguistische Berichte 210, 209-228 | |||
| This paper deals with the syntactic development of Cimbrian, a German dialect, which was spoken for centuries in some enclaves in northern Italy. In particular, we argue that the ‘dismantlement’ of the V2 phenomenon is connected with a change concerning the ‘nature’ of specific word order patterns: from ‘allowed’ V2 exceptions to ‘unmarked’ and frequent constructions, i.e., from hanging topic (freies Thema) in WH clause to ‘new’ left dislocation modalities, which finally bring to generalized V3 in the declarative clause. |
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| Download ### Online | 2007 | |
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| 2006 | James R. Dow: Zimbrisch, Harry Potter und Sprachähnlichkeit in Europa | ||
| "Universität Bremen" Pressemitteilung 18. Mai 2006 siehe Bruno Schweizer, James R. Dow (Hrsg.): Zimbrische Gesamtgrammatik. Vergleichende Darstellung der zimbrischen Dialekte. Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 2008. ISBN 978-3-515-09053-7 |
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| Der aus Iowa stammende Professor der Germanistik James R. Dow wird einen Einblick in das Zimbrische geben. | |||
| Download ### Online | 2006 | |
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| 2006 | Ermenegildo Bidese, Cecilia Poletto and Alessandra Tomaselli : The Relevance of Lesser-Used Languages for Theoretical Linguitics: The Case of Cimbrian and the Support of the TITUS Corpus | ||
| In: Ties, I. (ed.), LULCL 2005. Proceedings of the Lesser Used Languages and Computer https://www.zimbrisch.de/artikel-linguistik Conference. Bolzano, 27th-28th October 2005, Bolzano/Bozen: Accademia Europea / Europäische Akademie, 77-96. | |||
| On the basis of the TITUS Project, the following contribution aims at showing the importance of a lesser-used language, such as Cimbrian, for the theory of grammar. In Chapter 1, we present the goals of TITUS and its possibilities in order to analyse old Cimbrian writings. Furthermore, according to these possibilities, the second chapter will summarise some recent results of the linguistic research about relevant aspects of Cimbrian grammar, in particular the syntax of verbal elements, of subject clitics, and of subject nominal phrases. Chapter 3 and 4 discuss which relevance these results can have in the Generative framework, in particular with respect to a generalisation. | |||
| Download ### Online | 2006 | |
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| 2005 | Ermenegildo Bidese & Alessandra Tomaselli: Formen der ‚Herausstellung’ und Verlust der V2-Restriktion in der Geschichte der zimbrischen Sprache | ||
| In: BIDESE E., J.R. DOW, T. STOLZ (Hrsg.), Das Zimbrische zwischen Germanisch und Romanisch, Bochum, Brockmeyer, 2005, pp. 67-88 | |||
| Das Zimbrische [...] bietet ... die Möglichkeit, die Grundstrukturen sowohl des Germanischen als auch des Romanischen zu untersuchen. Vorliegender Beitrag rekonstruiert den allmählichen Verlust der V2-Restriktion im Zimbrischen durch die diachronische Veränderung seiner Herausstellungsstrategie. |
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| 2005 | Paolo Coluzzi: Language planning for the smallest language minority in Italy. The Cimbrians of Veneto and Trentino-Alto Adige | ||
| In: Language Problems and Language Planning. Benjamins 2005. pp 247-269. | |||
| This article looks at the language planning that has been carried out in the Cimbrian area (particularly in the areas of graphization, mass-media and education) and at the institutions devoted to it. It is evident that not enough planning has been done. There are various reasons for this, such as the low ethnic and linguistic consciousness of the speakers (particularly in the Veneto region) and the lack of both adequate funding and of a policy that takes economic development seriously into account. Considering the size of the speaking community, its socio-economic situation, the invasive presence of Italian and the lack of resources, the chances for the survival of Cimbrian are not high, particularly in the Veneto region are quite different fro meach other, not only from the administrative and political point of view, but especially from the sociolinguistic point of view. |
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| 2004 | Paolo Coluzzi: Symbolic acquisition planning? The case of Cimbrian in Italy | ||
| III Mercator Symposium 2004: “Linguistic diversity and education: challenges and opportunities"; pp. 13 | |||
| The four Cimbrian areas, in spite of their common origin and shared language, are quite different fro meach other, not only from the administrative and political point of view, but especially from the sociolinguistic point of view. |
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| Download ### Online | 2004 | |
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| 2004 | Alessandra Tomaselli: Il Cimbro come laboratorio d'analisi per la variazione linguistica in diacronia e sincronia | ||
| In: Anna M. Babbi - Stefano Aloe - Paola Ambrosi (ed). Variis Linguis. Studi offerti ad Elio Mosele in occasione del suo settantesimo compleanno. pp. 533-549 | |||
| Le varianti tedescofone tutt'ora parlate in alcune isole linguistiche nel Triveneto costituiscono un oggetto di indagine privilegiato nell'ambito di tre prospettive di studio e ricerca in linguistica: la dialettologia veneta (le isole linguistiche sono particolarmente permeabili all'influsso delle varianti dialettali di contatto, perlomeno a livello lessicale), la dialettologia tedesca (in quanto "Randzonen" il livello di conservazione di determinati fenomeni linguistici, in particolare a livello morfologico, è particolarmente alto), la linguistica storica (lo sviluppo diacronico di una varietà in isolamento presenta un mix particolarmente interessante di conservatorismo ed innovazione). L'interesse suscitato da queste realtà è testimoniato dal fiorire di studi e pubblicazioni sul cimbro nell'arco dell'ultimo decennio, fino ad arrivare alla discussione di una prima tesi di dottorato (Bidese, Ermenegildo (2007). Der Verlust der Verb-Zweit-Regel und die Entwicklung der "Clitic Phrase" in der Geschichte des Zimbrischen. Empirische Daten und theoretische Analysen. Tesi di dottorato. Università degli Studi di Verona. Dottorato di ricerca in Linguistica, ciclo XIX°). L'urgenza di costituire un data base che raccolga i dati linguistici (diacronici e sincronici) delle varietà cimbre è quindi ampiamente giustificata. Il progetto si articolerà in tre fasi. Nella prima fase si procederà all'organizzazione di un data base in cui inserire tutti i dati già disponibili sulle varianti cimbre, individuando i criteri di indicizzazione degli stessi che permettano di individuare i fenomeni morfo-sintattici di maggiore rilievo. Contemporaneamente si procederà a raccogliere nuovi dati tramite interviste sul campo (Giazza, Roana, Luserna, con potenziali estensioni alle altre isole tedescofone del Triveneto) che permettano di implementare il corpus con registrazioni che consentano di studiare anche gli aspetti morfo-fonologici. In questa prima fase si avvierà il rapporto di collaborazione con l'ASIS (Atlante Sintattico dell'Italia Settentrionale) dell’Università di Padova per favorire la maggiore omogeneizzazione possibile in merito ai criteri di indicizzazione dei dati. Nella seconda fase del progetto si studieranno le possibilità tecniche di raccordare la gestione del data base sulle isole linguistiche cimbre con l'ASIS, senza escludere un potenziale collegamento con alcuni altri progetti di rilievo a livello europeo, in particolare con il progetto TITUS (Thesaurus indogermanischer Text- und Sprachmaterialien) di Francoforte, che già comprende una versione del secondo Catechismo cimbro e il progetto DiWA (Digitaler Wenker-Atlas) di Marburg. Nella terza fase si esplorerà la possibilità di implementare il data base dell'ASIS con un adeguato supporto cartografico partendo dal Veneto ed in particolare dalla provincia di Verona, la cui situazione dialettale è resa particolarmente interessante proprio dalla presenza dell'isola linguistica cimbra di Giazza. |
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| Download ### Online | 2004 | |
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| 2004 | Ermenegildo Bidese: Die Zimbern und ihre Sprache: geographische, historische und sprachwissenschaftlich relevante Aspektee | ||
| In: Stolz, Thomas (Hrsg.): "Alte" Sprachen. Beiträge zum Bremer Kolloquium über "Alte Sprachen und Sprachstufen" (Bremen, Sommersemester 2003). Bochum. 3-42 | |||
| Die Langobardentheorie des Zimbrischen wurde von dem Sprachforscher Bruno Schweizer, seit 1937 Mitarbeiter der Forschungsgemeinschaft Deutsches Ahnenerbe, begründet und im Jahr 1948 publiziert. 1974 gelangte der italienische Germanist Alfonso Bellotto unabhängig von Schweizer zur selben Ansicht und begründete dies ebenfalls in einer Veröffentlichung. 2004 hat der zimbrische Linguist Ermenegildo Bidese die Argumente von Schweizer und Bellotto wieder aufgegriffen und auf einer sprachwissenschaftlichen Tagung erneut zur Diskussion gestellt. Auch einige weitere Linguisten haben sich im Laufe der Zeit dieser Theorie angeschlossen. |
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| Download ### Online | 2003 | |
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| 2004 | Ermenegildo Bidese: Tracce di Nebensatzklammer nel cimbro settecomunigiano | ||
| In: MARCATO, GIANNA (ed) (2004), I dialetti e la montagna. Sappada\Plodn (Belluno), 2-6 luglio 2003. Padova: unipress, 269-274 | |||
| The language taken into account in this paper is Cimbrian, a German variety still in use in North-eastern Italy. Although nowadays Cimbrian is regularly spoken only in the small enclave of Lusérn, in the Province of Trento, some historical texts allow us to investigate the linguistic form also of those varieties of Cimbrian, that have extinguished in the last centuries, as the variety of the Sette Comuni in the province of Vi- cenza. The aim of this contribution is twofold: (i) presenting some residual aspects of the so called Nebensatzklammer (i.e. the parenthesis-like distribution of the complementizer and the finite verb in subordi- nate sentences, as it is typical in German) both in declarative and in causal clauses in two historical sources of the Cimbrian dialect of the Sette Comuni: the so called First Catechism of 1602 and the tale Dez Dink vo’ dar Prucke (The affair of the bridge) of 1906; (ii) verifying if a change in the word order of the subordinate clauses has occurred from the first to the second text with regard to the parenthetical structure. | |||
| Download ### Online | 2003 | |
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| 2003 | Josef Bayer & Ellen Brandner: Klitisiertes "zu" im Bairischen und Alemannischen | ||
| Universität Konstanz, 1. Internationalen Dialektologenkongress der IGDD, Marburg 2004 | |||
| Die süddeutsche z’-Konstruktion sieht beim ersten Hinsehen wie eine etwas abartige Minigrammatik voller Idiosynkrasien aus, – sozusagen die hässliche Schwester der leichtgängigen, funktionalen und produktiven zum-Konstruktion. Der hier vorgelegte Versuch einer syntaktischen und semantischen Analyse sollte zumindest gezeigt haben, dass man es sich mit einer solchen Einschätzung zu leicht macht, da bei dieser Konstruktion mehrere Beschränkungen interagieren, für die man durchgehend unabhängig von dieser speziellen Konstruktion Evidenz hat. Diese Interaktion zeitigt das heutige Bild der z'-Syntax als Untermenge der zumSyntax im Alemannischen und im Bairischen. Natürlich haben wir hier nur zwei dialektale Varietäten von vielen beschrieben, so dass man fast sicher sein kann, bei Ausweitung der Forschung auf weitere Spielarten und Möglichkeiten zu stoßen. Schließlich ist die Grammatik von zu ein extrem variationsanfälliger Bereich. | |||
| Download ### Online | 2003 | |
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| 1987 | Rosemarie Lühr: Reste von indogermanischem Wortschatz im Oberdeutschen | ||
| In: Studien zum indogermanischen Wortschatz, hg. von W.Meid, Innsbruck 1987, 67–82 | |||
| Das Wort Ende hat im Hochdeutschen allein im Zimbrischen noch die Bedeutung 'Stirn'. Es erscheint hier als Ende. enne, henne, ent, (Lavarone) nent • nende , in althochdeutscher Zeit als alern., rhein.-fränk. endi n. In mittelhochdeutscher Zeit ist ende 'Stirn' nur in einer Abschrift einer althochdeutschen Glossenhandschrift belegt. Außerhalb des Hochdeutschen entspricht an. enne n. 'Stirn'. Gegenüber dem Wort Ende 'finis' < *andila- (got. andeis, an. endi, ae. ende, afries. enda, aso endi, ahd. anti, enti, ferner in örtlichkeitsnamen wie Gothiscandza < *Gutisk-andja 'Gotenküste', Landeplatz der Goten, heute Gdansk) weist Ende 'Stirn' bekanntlich auf eine Vorform *anpija- < vorurgerm. *dntjo- (lat. Paul. Fest. antiae 'capilli demissi- in frantem'), eine Ableitung von uridg. *hzdnt(o)- (heth. ha-an-za 'Vorderseite, Stirn', ai. dnta- 'Ende, Grenze, Rand'). Außer Ende werden im Zimbrischen auch die Wörter Stirn und Grinte zur Bezeichnung der Stirn verwendet. Zieht man aber die Stirn und Grinte entsprechenden Wörter aus dem übrigen Bairischen zum Vergleich heran, so ergeben sich unterschiedliche Konnotationen. |
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| Download ### Online | 1987 | |
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| 2018 | Rosemarie Lühr: Zum Langobardischen als Trümmersprache | ||
| Vortrag gehalten auf dem International Colloqium “Loanwords and Substratum”, im Juni 2018 in Limoges | |||
| Wegen der Romanisierung seit dem 9. Jh. wurde das Langobardische lange Zeit nicht mehr unter den althochdeutschen oberdeutschen Dialekten behandelt. Die Lautverschiebung ähnelt aber der des älteren Oberdeutschen. Wie der Vergleich mit anderen germanischen Sprachen zeigt, besitzt das Langobardische auch in seinem Wortschatz Altertümliches. Weiter- hin ist die Wortbildung auf einem älteren Sprachstand. Entscheidend ist aber seine Silbenrhythmik. Denn die spezifische Ausprägung der Lautverschiebung im Langobardischen hat silbenrhythmische Gründe. | |||
| Download ### Online | 2018 | |
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| 2020 | Francesco Zuin: Una, nessuna, centomila: nuove prospettive sull’origine del cimbro | ||
| In: Cimbri/Tzimbar 60/2020, 15-38. Basiert auf dem Vortrag 2019 beim Wissenschaftssymposium in Velden (Landshut) - 50° Bayerisches Cimbern-Kuratorium | |||
| L’intervento che si presenta in questa sede rappresenta la rielaborazione di una discussione attorno all’origine dei cimbri, tenutasi il 7 settembre 2019 a Velden, nell’ambito del cinquantesimo anniversario del Bayerischen Cimbern-Kuratorium. In quella sede era stato chiesto a studiosi e appassionati di esprimersi sul tema dell’origine del popolamento germanofono denominato “cimbro”, al fine di riaprire un dibattito, fiorentissimo nel secolo scorso, ma ultimamente passato in secondo piano rispetto ad altri campi d’indagine. L’intervento si articola come segue: a) In (§ 1) si fornisce una breve panoramica delle ipotesi elaborate dagli eruditi del passato attorno alle possibili sedi di partenza della colonizzazione cimbra. b) In (§ 2) verranno invece presi in considerazione i tre paradigmi principali proposti negli ultimi due secoli, a partire da dati scientifici e da analisi filologiche e linguistiche, attorno alla lingua. In questo quadro ciò che si intende dimostrare è il fatto che, per quanto ogni teoria tenti di ricondurre la migrazione di popolazioni tedescofone a un determinato contesto diacronico e geografico, nessuna riesce a dar conto completamente dei fenomeni linguistici attestati. c) In (§ 3) si proporrà una chiave d’indagine che abbandoni una visione monolitica della realtà linguistica attestata. Si sottolineerà come nel momento in cui si indaghino contrastivamente le differenti varietà cimbre, la cifra che emerge sia quella della varietà e della variabilità interna all’areale. In questo quadro, e tramite il supporto dei dati, si mostrerà come la facies linguistica dei differenti dialetti cimbri sia il risultato del plasmarsi e dell’influenzarsi di varietà tedesche diacronicamente e diatopicamente marcate. | |||
| Download ### Online | 2020 | |
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| 2019 | Ermenegildo Bidese und Alessandra Tomaselli: Subject clitic languages in comparison: Subject clitics, finite verb movement, and nomi-native case assignment in Germanic (Bavarian, Cimbrian) and Romance (French, North Italian) varieties | ||
| In: Bidese, E., Casalicchio, J., Moroni, M.C. (edited by), La linguistica vista dalle Alpi. Linguistic views from the Alps., Berlin: Peter Lang, 2019, p. 43-61. | |||
| Since the seminal work by Brandi & Cordin (1981; 1989), the syntactic differences between subject clitics in Italian dialects (Trentino and Fiorentino) and subject clitics in French have been assumed to rely on the value of the null subject parameter: subject clitics in Italian dialects behave like verbal affixes; that is, they do not realize a specific position but should be considered as verbal morphology. Subject clitics in French realize the structural position for the subject connected with nominative case assignment. The Germanic-Romance comparative perspective allows us to provide a more complex picture. On one hand, the difference between 'weak pronouns' and clitics could be better understood: 'weak' German pronouns in the so-called Wackernagelposition are not morphologically distinct from full pronouns and cannot double the subject, but they present some analogies with French clitics rather than with clitics in Italian dialects. On the other hand, subject clitics in Germanic varieties such as West Flemish and Bavarian, and even in isolated varieties such as Cimbrian, differ strongly from their Romance counterparts with regard to both finite verb movement and nom-inative case assignment, and have been analyzed as being either agreement morphology in C or nominative case markers. The consideration of all the factors involved in the definition of 'subject clitic' allow us to define the feature characterization of the hosting head, which acts as a probe for the cliticization process, and to re-evaluate the traditional distinction between COMP-dominant versus page | ii INFL-dominant languages through the distinction between phase versus non-phase head. | |||
| Download ### Online | 2019 | |
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| 2019 | Ermenegildo Bidese: Complementation in Cimbrian and in Saurian: some comparative notes | ||
| In: Costantini, F. (edited by), Syntactic Variation: The view from the German-language islands in Northeastern Italy, Udine: Forum, 2019, p. 61-80 | |||
| Both traditional descriptions2 and more formal works3 on the grammar of Cimbrian recognize two distinctive word order patterns in the embedded clauses. More precisely, Grewendorf, Poletto (2009) assumed a ‘hybrid system of complementation’ in Cimbrian, distinguishing between declarative clauses introduced by the conjunction ke ‘that’ and those introduced by az ‘that’, each with its specific word order (see 1.3, below). Moreover, Bidese, Padovan, Tomaselli (2012) discovered the same “binary” pattern in the relative clauses (see 1.4, below). Later, further analyses confirmed the same result with regard to adverbial clauses, as well as to indirect interrogatives (Bidese, Padovan, Tomaselli 2014). In addition, the question of whether or not Cimbrian would simplify this complex complementation system by discarding one of both patterns and evolving into a unitary system has been raised (see Kolmer 2012; Bidese Tomaselli 2016). In following sections, I revise the results of previous research and provide a comprehensive picture of the Cimbrian system of complementation. This will serve as the basis for comparing Cimbrian and Saurian (see § 2). | |||
| Download ### Online | 2019 | |
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| 2019 | Ermenegildo Bidese, Andrea Padovan und Claudia Turolla: Adjective orders in Cimbrian DPs | ||
| In: https://www.zimbrisch.de/artikel-linguistik, v. 57, n. 2 (2019) | |||
| In this work we aim to give a first description of the morphosyntactic behavior of some adjectives in the Cimbrian of Luserna. This Germanic variety allows a subclass of adjec- tives to appear in post-nominal position. This aspect seems to be relevant, since neither collo- quial Standard German nor any other German substandard variety spoken in German-speaking areas display a similar pattern. Along the lines of Cinque (2010, 2014), we argue that Cimbrian, with respect to the adnominal adjectival order, has maintained the Germanic pattern of Merge, but permits in some cases NP-Movement above the (“bare” AP reduced) relative clause projec- tion. The fact that adjectives following the head noun are predicative rather than attributive is supported by the fact that post-nominal modifiers never show up with inflection. | |||
| Download ### Online | 2019 | |
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| 2020 | Ermenegildo Bidese: Schmeller e il cimbro agli inizi della linguistica tedesca | ||
| In: "Sui cosiddetti Cimbri dei VII e XIII Comuni delle Alpi Venete e sulla loro lingua", by Rodeghiero, Francesco Valerio, Pergine Valsugana (TN): Publistampa Edizioni, 2020, p. 15-30 | |||
| La linguistica si afferma come disciplina scientifica agli inizi dell’Ottocento, nel momento in cui realizza una delle caratteristiche principali della scienza moderna, cioè la messa in discussione della nostra esperienza quotidiana. I saperi antichi e medioevali avevano come obiettivo principale raggiungere la conoscenza spiegando ciò di cui facciamo esperienza, la scienza moderna, invece, rovescia questo assunto nel momento in cui intende falsificare il quotidiano. E che cos’è ciò di cui facciamo primariamente esperienza rispetto al linguaggio umano e alle lingue? Che esse si differenziano e variano, apparentemente in modo incommensurabile e irriducibile, già a pochi chilometri di distanza. Lo stesso episodio biblico del Libro della Genesi (11, 1-9) della famosa Torre di Babele riflette in qualche modo questa esperienza fondamentale. E ciò vale tanto per i dialetti, quanto e in misura maggiore per le lingue nazionali. La linguistica si costituisce quale scienza moderna, proprio nel momento in cui riesce a mettere in discussione questa esperienza quotidiana e a riportare le principali lingue europee, per quanto apparentemente diverse e incomprensibili tra loro, in uno schema teorico in cui esse altro non sono che varianti che discendono da un antenato comune, il proto-indoeuropeo. | |||
| Download ### Online | 2020 | |
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| 2021 | Ermenegildo Bidese: Introducing Cimbrian. The main linguistic features of a German(ic) language in Italy | ||
| In: Energeia 46, 19-62 | |||
| Research on Cimbrian can thus be seen to have a long tradition of studies that can be ascribed to specific scientific paradigms. Since the 1990s, a new line of research, which pays particular attention to the investigation of syntax phenomena, has been developing. This new interest in Cimbrian within modern linguistics is strongest in the held of generative grammar, particularly in the study of ‘microvariation‘, which has been developing in generative linguistics since the 1980s, as a complemtentary perspective to macroparametric variation. Several studies have been dedicated to specific phenomena in the syntax of dialects, which had been largely neglected by traditional dialectology (Scheutz 2005: 292; Grewendorf & Weiß 2015). This research has opened the door to a new view of Cimbrian, within which the Cimbrian data have been related to theoretical studies of main syntax phenomena, such as the V2 (see Poletto & Tomaselli 2000 and Bidese & Tomaselli 2005 and 2007), the null subject (see Poletto & Tomaselli 2002), the syntax of interrogatives (see Benincà & Renzi 2000; Poletto & Tomaselli 2004), the syntax of dislocation (see Pili 2001), the verbal bracket (Satzklammer) in subordinate clauses (see Bidese 2004b), the VO/OV word order pattern (see Grewendorf & Poletto 2005), and the syntax of pronominal elements (See Kolmer 2005b; Bidese 2008; Poletto & Tomaselli 2009, Abraham 2012), to mention some of the many studies conducted since 2000. Another new line of investigation on Cimbrian falls within the study of language contact phenomena; the effects of language contact on the grammar of Cimbrian have long been studied (see Schuchardt 1884). However, these have usually been understood as a sign of language corruption and decay due to the massive influence of the surrounding Italian dialects (see, for example, Schmeller 1838: 698). By contrast, recent investigations are less interested in identifying what should be traced back to ltalian influence as an external source of speakers’ linguistic behavior, preferring instead to identify the internal dynamics at work when two linguistic sources are integrated within one language system (see Grewendorf 8: Poletto 2005, 2009, 2011; Kolmer 2012; Bidese, Padovan & Tomaselli 2013 and 2014, Bidese 2017), as shown in §4. The shrinking of the Cimbrian-speaking community in recent decades has not led to a decrease in the research interest in this isolated Germanic variety, which is now also being studied from an innovative perspective that investigates the language’s internal dynamics. Cimbrian was used in the past as a testing ground for verifying new approaches, methods, and research tools. Continuing this tradition, this introduction has shown how this isolated variety, between Germanic and Romance (see Bidese, Dow & Stolz 2005), can still be regarded as a test case for linguistic variation from both a diachronic and a synchronic perspective (see Tomaselli 2004 and Agosti et al. 2010). | |||
| Download ### Online | 2021 | |
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| 2021 | Ermenegildo Bidese, Andrea Padovan und Alessandra Tomaselli: Circumventing the ‘That-Trace’ Effect: Different Strategies between Germanic and Romance | ||
| In: LANGUAGES, v. 6, n. 2 (2021) | |||
| In our paper, we deal with the Germanic–Romance language contact, focusing on Cimbrian, a Germanic minority language spoken in Northern Italy. Specifically, we focus on the violation of the well-known that-trace filter, as it appears to be an interesting case of the superficial convergence that we ascribe to the status of T, which is either too rich (model language) or too weak (replica language) to represent a viable landing site for subject extraction. | |||
| Download ### Online | 2021 | |
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| 2020 | Cecilia Poletto und Günther Grewendorf: Resilient grammars: On VO/OV in Germanic linguistic islands in Northern Italy | ||
| In: Hagen, Hjelde, Stjernholm & Vangsnes (red.) Bauta: Janne Bondi Johannessen in memoriam ,Oslo Studies in Language 11(2), 2020. 335–355. (ISSN 1890-9639 / ISBN 978-82-91398-12-9) | |||
| In this work we consider some residual cases of OV order in Cimbrian andshow that this is due to the interaction between verb movement, a languagespecific property, and the syntax of bare quantifiers. This has consequenceson a general theory on the change of the basic word order, since it showsthat the passage from OV to VO can involve different structures in differentlanguages depending on other properties, hence it is not possible to trace acommon path in the diachronic change for all languages that haveundergone this mutation. | |||
| Download ### Online | 2021 | |
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| 2012 | Cecilia Poletto: Word orders in the Old Italian DP | ||
| In: Quaderni di Lavoro ASIt 14. Atti della XVII Giornata di dialettologia herausgegeben von Jacopo Garzonio & Diego Pescarini. S. 169-189. | |||
| In this chapter I have shown that some scrambling phenomena found in the DP area in OI can be analyzed in a way parallel to V2 in the CP phase. We have seen that there are at least three types of movements in the DP area that have gone lost: a) the movement of a PP or of an adjective modified by molto to the highest position in the DP yielding scrambling as well as the non occurrence of a definite determiner b) the movement of adjectives (or portions of the adjectival structure) to a left peripheral position lower than SpecDP which keep their original interpretation and can be either restrictive or non restrictive c) the movement of a genitive phrase to a specifier located most probably in the IP-like area of the DP, a position which licenses genitive case and thus prevents the occurence of the preposition di ‘of’. All three movements have disappeared in modern Italian. | |||
| Download ### Online | 2021 | |
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| 2005 | Günther Grewendorf und Cecilia Poletto: Von OV zu VO: ein Vergleich zwischen Zimbrisch und Plodarisch | ||
| In: Bidese, Ermenegildo / Dow, James R. / Stolz, Thomas (Hrsg.): Das Zimbrische zwischen Germanisch und Romanisch. Bochum, Brockmeyer [Diversitas Linguarum vol. 9], 2005. 114-128. | |||
| In der folgenden Untersuchung von zwei germanischen Sprachinseln im Nordosten Italiens sollen nicht nur neuartige deskriptive Generalisierungen zu den deutschen Dialekten Plodarisch und Zimbrisch formuliert werden, im Zentrum dieser Untersuchung stehen auch die folgenden systematischen Fragen. Zum einen wird untersucht, wie sich der Wandel von einer OV- zu einer VO-Sprache vollzieht. Insbesondere geht es dabei um die Fragen, in welchen Konstruktionen sich eine entstehende VO-Ordnung zuerst manifestiert und in welchen Konstruktionen die schwindende OV-Ordnung am längsten erhalten bleibt. Zum anderen versucht diese Arbeit die Frage zu beantworten, ob die Isolierung von anderen deutschen Dialekten (und Sprachen) sowie die Interferenz mit romanischen Dialekten einen entscheidenden Faktor für den in den deutschen Sprachinseln Nordita-liens zu beobachtenden Sprachwandel darstellt. Diese Fragen sollen durch einen Vergleich der beiden Dialekte Plodarisch (gesprochen in Ploden (Sappada) an der Nordgrenze von Belluno) und Zimbrisch (gesprochen in den dreizehn und sieben Kommunen, sowie in Lusern, in der Bergregion zwischen Trient und Vicenza) untersucht werden. Unsere Analyse des Zimbrischen beschränkt sich dabei auf die in Lusern und Roana (sieben Gemeinden) gesprochenen Varietäten. Sowohl für das Plodarische als auch für das Zimbrische gilt, dass diese germanischen Sprachinseln auf der einen Seite von anderen deutschen Dialekten isoliert sind, auf der anderen Seite in einer Kontaktsituation mit angrenzenden romanischen Dialekten stehen. |
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| Download ### Online | 2005 | |
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| 2022 | Alessandra Tomaselli, Ermenegildo Bidese und Andrea Padovan: Feature Borrowing in Language Contact | ||
| In: Languages 2022, 7(4), 288 | |||
| In this paper, we consider mood selection in embedded clauses by focusing on a German-based minority language, Cimbrian, which is spoken in a northern Italian enclave. Mood selection in Cimbrian relies on the presence of two different complementizers, az and ke (the latter being borrowed from Romance varieties), each of which selectively require a specific mood. Az selects the mood subjunctive in modal sentences introduced by non-factive verbs, whereas ke co-occurs with the indicative in purely declarative clauses introduced by factive and semi-factive verbs. However, this binary distribution is challenged in the two following contexts, and it is precisely at this point that feature borrowing comes into play: (i) with the verb gloam ‘to believe/to think’, the expected binary pattern appears (irrealis az + subjunctive and the realis ke + indicative), but, crucially, a third construction emerges, namely ke + subj.; (ii) surprisingly, az + subj. displays some ‘gaps’ in its paradigm, specifically in the first person, which appeared in the data we collected via translation tasks from Italian into Cimbrian. Both phenomena shed light on how language contact works, not in terms of structural borrowing but rather in terms of the transfer of the specific features of a given lexical item. | |||
| Download ### Online | 2022 | |
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| 2022 | Francesco Zuin und Ermenegildo Bidese: La Parabola del Figliol Prodigo in una varietà cimbra nordoccidentale dell'anno 1810: analisi testuale e linguistica | ||
| In: Cognola, F.; Dapit, R.; Madaro, R.; Bidese, E.; Vicario, F.; Videsott, R.; Zuin, F. 2022. Lingue minoritarie e ricerca linguistica. Udine: Casa editrice. 9788832833430. Pp. 117-152. | |||
| Tra i materiali del “fondo Montbret” della Biblioteca di Rouen in Francia è conservato un manoscritto anonimo la cui intestazione recita Di Parabola fon den zel zun Prodigo redurt zò reda fo Lavraun, Lusern, astettal unt Casotto (La parabola del figlio prodigo tradotta nella lingua di Lavarone, Luserna, della Valdastico e di Casotto). Il testo, databile al biennio 1809-1810, tramanda il racconto del celebre episodio biblico tratto dal Vangelo di Luca (15, 11-32) in una varietà appartenente al macrogruppo del cimbro nordoccidentale, detto anche Slambrot. | |||
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| 2015 | Günther Grewendorf und Cecilia Poletto: Relative clauses in Cimbrian | ||
| In: Structures, Strategies and Beyond. Studies in honour of Adriana Belletti. Edited by Elisa Di Domenico, Cornelia Hamann and Simona Matteini. © 2015. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 393-416 | |||
| This paper provides an analysis of the left periphery of relative clauses in the Cimbrian variety of Luserna and explores which of the two complementizer systems Cimbrian makes use of in restrictive and appositive relative clauses. Furthermore, the sentential particle da (lit. ‘there’), which according to Bidese et al. (2012) is obligatory in restrictive relative clauses with a full DP subject, is shown to have a distribution and function dierent from its counterparts in Bavarian and Hessian. We argue that the Cimbrian da is neither a locative (as the form might suggest) nor a subject expletive located in SpecT similar to English ‘there’ (as suggested by Bayer & Suchsland 1997 for Bavarian), but the specifier of a projection located in the Wackernagel space marking the Ground context with respect to the head noun individuated by the relative clause. | |||
| Download ### Online | 2015 | |
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| 2012 | Günther Grewendorf und Cecilia Poletto: Separable prefixes and verb positions in Cimbrian | ||
| In: Enjoy Linguistics! Papers offered to Luigi Rizzi on the occasion of his 60th birthday. Edited by Valentina Bianchi & Cristiano Chesi. 2012. Siena: CICL Press, 218-233 | |||
| In this work we examine the position of separable prefixes in Cimbrian, a German dialect spoken in Northern Italy, which has the interesting property of having a productive set of separable verbs but also of being a VO language. The peculiarity of Cimbrian is that apparently separable prefixes change their position with respect to a) sentence type b) main versus embedded character of the clause c) auxiliary versus main verb. This poses a challenge on all the research that takes separable prefixes to occur in a fixed position to argue for movement of other elements in the clause. The aim of this work is to show that prefixes are indeed unmovable and that the apparent displacements are due to independently motivated movements of verbal forms. | |||
| Download ### Online | 2012 | |
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| 2009 | Günther Grewendorf und Cecilia Poletto: The hybrid complementizer system of Cimbrian | ||
| In: Studies in Linguistics (STiL) Vol 3: Proceedings XXXV Incontro di Grammatica Generativa. Edited by: Vincenzo Moscati & Emilio Servidio. 2009. Siena: CICL, 181-194 | |||
| In this work we examine the syntactic properties of two classes of complementizers in Luserna Cimbrian, an endangered language spoken in the Dolomites, and show that they occupy distinct positions. The first type of complementizer starts out in the Fin° position and moves up to Force° thereby blocking the whole CP which is not available for the verb to move. The second type is external to the clause itself, which can behave as a main clause as its CP is entirely empty. The tests we use to show that this distinction is necessary are: the position of clitics and of the sentential particle /da/, the position of the inflected verb with respect to the negative marker /net/ and to verbal prefixes, and the distribution of the CP expletive /‘z/, which is the Cimbrian counterpart of standard German /es/. This analysis has consequences on the one hand on the layering of the CP area and on the other on the V2 properties of Cimbrian. | |||
| Download ### Online | 2009 | |
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| 2009 | Manuela Caterina Moroni und Ermenegildo Bidese: Deutsches auch und italienisches anche im Vergleich. Gemeinsame Funktion und sprachspezifischer Gebrauch | ||
| In: LINGUISTIK ONLINE. - ISSN 1615-3014. - ELETTRONICO. - 111:6 (2021), pp. 187-208 | |||
| The focus of our contribution is the German particle auch ‘also’ and its Italian counterpart anche. From a semantic point of view, auch and anche convey the same additive meaning in both languages: through them an element, called ‘domain of association’, is added to a list of further elements for which the auch/anche phrase applies. From a syntactical point of view, auch and anche can occupy different positions in the sentence by modifying the type and the scope of the domain of association. This results in four basic usage patterns which are similar in both languages and correspond to just as many functions of auch/anche: (i) additivity, (ii) sentence connection, (iii) focus domain, and (iv) modality. Despite these common functions, auch and anche interact with the syntax and the information structure of the sentence in German and in Italian differently. Furthermore, they are used in conversation contexts, which are distinctive in both languages. By starting from the current description of auch and anche in the literature, the first aim of our contribution is to provide evidence for the above-mentioned four basic functions despite their language-specific usage contexts. As a second aim, we want to validate our systematization through the analysis of spoken data for German and Italian, explaining why some functions are more likely to be found in the former than in the latter. | |||
| Download ### Online | 2021 | |
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| 2009 | Alessandra Tomaselli: La grammatica cimbra di Cappelletti-Schweizer | ||
| Appeared as: Tomaselli, A. (2009), La grammatica cimbra di Cappelletti-Schweizer. In: Petterlini, A. e A. Tomaselli (a cura di), L'eredità cimbra di Monsignor Giuseppe Cappelletti, Verona, Edizioni Fiorini: 69-84. | |||
| Il seminario dedicato alla figura ed all’opera di Mons. Cappelletti a 50 anni dalla sua scomparsa ha rappresentato la giusta occasione per riflettere su quanto l'interesse per la lingua cimbra e la "scoperta" del testo a cui è dedicato questo contributo abbiano influito sulla mia attività di didattica e di ricerca a partire dall'anno del mio trasferimento presso la Facoltà di Lingue e letterature straniere dell'Università di Verona. Il breve trattato grammaticale, Tautsch. Puox tze Lirnan Reidan un Scraiban iz Gareida on Ljetzan, frutto della proficua collaborazione di Mons. Cappelletti con Bruno Schweizer, è un'opera unica nel proprio genere che continua a rappresentare un costante punto di riferimento in diversi ambiti del lavoro incentrato su "cimbro e dintorni", in particolare: - l’attribuzione di tesi agli studenti interessati alla dialettologia tedesca (se si vuole prendere il cimbro come oggetto di analisi e di studio, occorre essere in grado di affrontare questo testo); - la formulazione e presentazione di progetti di ricerca (la grammatica di Capplletti-Schweizer è un testo in cimbro sul cimbro e quindi gode di una duplice rilevanza); - le pubblicazioni scientifiche (i risultati delle attuali ricerche sul cimbro non possono prescindere dal confronto con i dati "fotografati" nella grammatica di Cappelletti-Schweizer). Ai primi due ambiti (tesi e progetti di ricerca) è dedicata una breve sintesi iniziale (cfr. §1), la parte centrale del contributo (cfr. §2) è rivolta alla presentazione della grammatica, la terza parte (cfr. §3) si propone di entrare nel vivo della ricerca, illustrando uno degli aspetti più rilevanti della sintassi cimbra, il fenomeno della cliticizzazione degli elementi pronominali al verbo flesso. | |||
| Download ### Online | 2009 | |
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| 2023 | Alessandra Tomaselli und Ermenegildo Bidese: Fortune and Decay of Lexical Expletives in Germanic and Romance along the Adige River | ||
| In: Languages 2023, 8(1), 44 | |||
| Lexical expletives can be divided into two main classes: (i) CP expletives required by the V2 constraint and, hence, by the necessity to lexicalize the position on the left of the inflected verb and (ii) TP expletives connected with the negative value of the pro-drop parameter and, therefore, with the necessity to lexicalize the ’structural‘ subject position, specifically, [Spec, TP]. The latter can, in turn, be divided into two subclasses: impersonal subjects and positional expletives, which occur with postverbal/low subjects and extraposed subject clauses. While CP expletives only appear in Germanic varieties that maintain V2, the subclassification of TP expletives yields interesting results when comparing Cimbrian and the Venetan varieties in Nord-East Italy, where the gradual disappearance of the positional expletive in free inversion structures and the residual maintenance of impersonal subjects from North to South along the Adige River confirms the distinction between two classes of subject expletives; furthermore, the resilience of impersonal subjects and their distribution in the northwestern part of the area under consideration sheds light on the role of language contact which is confirmed along the same axis—but crucially in the opposite direction—by the increasing employment of cleft constructions in WH-clauses replacing enclisis (i.e.,: pronominal subject inversion with the finite verb). | |||
| Download ### Online | 2023 | |
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| 2018 | Birgit Alber und Stefan Rabanus: Die Sibilanten des Zimbrischen: Konservativität durch Sprachkontakt | ||
| In: Rabanus, Stefan (Hg.): Deutsch als Minderheitensprache in Italien. Hildesheim: Olms 2018. S.19-47 | |||
| In „Die Sibilanten des Zimbrischen: Konservativität durch Sprachkontakt“ behandeln BIRGIT ALBER und STEFAN RABANUS die im Zimbrischen (von Lusern) belegte typologisch seltene dreifache Opposition beim Artikulationsort der Sibilanten. Diese Opposition bewahrt die Distinktionen aus den Entwicklungen von germ. t, s und sk, die im Standarddeutschen zur Opposition von alveolarem [s] und palatoalveolarem [ʃ] reduziert worden ist. Der dritte, vermutlich postalveolare „Zwischenlaut“ des Zimbrischen erhält sich durch den Einfluss eines phonetisch ähnlichen Lautes in den romanischen Kontaktvarietäten. | |||
| Download ### Online | 2018 | |
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| 2018 | Federica Cognola und Manuela Catarina Moroni: Die Kodierung der Informationsstruktur im Fersentalerischen: Die Syntax-Prosodie-Schnittstelle | ||
| In: Rabanus, Stefan (Hg.): Deutsch als Minderheitensprache in Italien. Hildesheim: Olms 2018. S.79-115 | |||
| Mit „Die Kodierung der Informationsstruktur im Fersentaleri- schen: Die Syntax-Prosodie-Schnittstelle“ stehen FEDERICA COGNOLA und MANUELA CATERINA MORONI auch an der Schnittstelle der thematischen Band-Sektionen Phonologie und Syntax. Die Autorinnen behandeln den Zusammenhang von Wortstellung und Intonationsverlauf in Abhängigkeit von der Informationsstruktur. Während im Fersentalerischen auf den ersten Blick OV und VO-Strukturen gleichermaßen grammatisch sind, zeigt die Analyse von Daten aus natürlichen Gesprächen, dass (das eigentliche deutsche) OV mit O als Nominalkonstituente im Mittelfeld heute nur noch dann realisiert wird, wenn O fokussiert ist. Der Fokus ist dabei immer durch einen klaren Akzentton auf der entsprechenden Konstituente ausgezeichnet. Die Variation von OV und VO bedeutet damit nicht einfach die Übernahme der VO-Struktur der romanischen Kontaktvarietäten, wenngleich der Sprachkontakt natürlich in Richtung VO wirkt. In der phonetisch-phonologischen Ausgestaltung der Intonationsstruktur ist dagegen keine vergleichbare Wirkung des Sprachkontakts mit dem Italienischen nachweisbar. | |||
| Download ### Online | 2018 | |
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| 2018 | Cecilia Poletto und Alessandra Tomaselli: Grammatische Konvergenz. Entwicklungspfade deutscher Sprachinseln im Nordosten Italiens | ||
| In: Rabanus, Stefan (Hg.): Deutsch als Minderheitensprache in Italien. Hildesheim: Olms 2018. S.117-143 | |||
| In „Grammatische Konvergenz. Entwicklungspfade deutscher Sprachinseln im Nordosten Italiens“ kontrastieren CECILIA POLETTO und ALESSANDRA TOMASELLI Wortstellungsmuster im Fersentalerischen, Zimbrischen und Plodarischen, mit besonderem Fokus auf das im Vergleich zu den anderen Sprachinseldialekten weniger untersuchte Plodarisch. Die Autorinnen zeigen, dass die Varietäten auf einem gemeinsamen Entwicklungspfad zwischen (deutschem) OV-Muster und (italienischem) VO-Muster unterschiedlich weit vorangeschritten sind. Außerdem stellen sie heraus, dass manche Bereiche der Grammatik kontaktinduzierten Sprachwandel erfahren (etwa die Organisation der linken Peripherie), während andere Bereiche auch in Situationen intensiven Sprachkontakts sehr stabil bleiben: Die deutschen Sprachinseldialekte übernehmen zum Beispiel weder die für die romanischen Kontaktvarietäten typische Proklise von Pronomen, noch entwickeln sie pro-Drop. | |||
| Download ### Online | 2018 | |
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| 2018 | Jan Casalicchio und Andrea Padovan: Das zweifache Komplementierersystem im Zimbrischen. Romanische Entlehnung und Eigenentwicklung | ||
| In: Rabanus, Stefan (Hg.): Deutsch als Minderheitensprache in Italien. Hildesheim: Olms 2018. S.183-210 | |||
| JAN CASALICCHIO und ANDREA PADOVAN werfen in „Das zweifache Komplementierersystem im Zimbrischen. Romanische Entlehnung und Eigenentwicklung“ einen differenzierten Blick auf Sprachwandelprozesse, die zu Übereinstimmungen des Zimbrischen (von Lusern) mit den romanischen Kontaktvarietäten geführt haben. Im Mittelpunkt steht das Komplementierersystem im Zimbrischen, in dem zu autochthonen germanischen Komplementierern durch Sprachkontakt der Lehnkomplementierer ke ‘dass’ getreten ist, der wie italienisches che als „generalisiertes Subordinierungselement“ funktioniert. Die Autoren zeigen – auch im Vergleich mit solchen Elementen in anderen indogermanischen und nicht indogermanischen Varietäten –, wie Lehnkomplementierer dieser Art „von oben“ in die hohen funktionalen Projektionen eintreten, sich also an einer anderen Stelle in der syntaktischen Struktur befinden als die autochthonen Komplementierer und damit ein System mit unterschiedlichen Subordinierungsmodalitäten entsteht. | |||
| Download ### Online | 2018 | |
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| 2023 | Alessandra Tomaselli: Dal particolare all’universale. Viaggio nella grammatica del cimbro | ||
| Verona/Bozen: QuiEdit | |||
| Ein sehr wichtiges Buch über die Syntax des Zimbrischen. Es umfasst viele Jahre Forschung über das Zimbrische. Die Grammatik der zimbrischen Sprache stellt ein vorzügliches Labor dar für das Studium sprachlicher Variationen in Synchronie und Diachronie. Ihr Zustand als deutschsprachige Sprachinsel, die jahrhundertelang dem Druck der benachbarten romanischen Varianten ausgesetzt ist, macht sie zum idealen Kandidaten für einen "Stresstest", der es uns erlaubt, die Widerstandsfähigkeit der syntaktischen Strukturen und die Grenzen der Konvergenz zwischen zwei in Kontakt stehenden Sprachsystemen im Raum und im Geist des zweisprachigen Sprechers zu untersuchen. Die "Reise in die Grammatik des Zimbrischen" ist eine Abhandlung der vergleichenden Linguistik geworden, die sowohl einen didaktischen Schlüssel (um die Studenten der Linguistik in die Instrumente der Analyse eines theoretischen Modells mit "Prinzipien und Parametern" einzuführen) liefert, als auch einen theoretischen Schlüssel zum Nachdenken über die Grenzen der syntaktischen Variation und Konvergenz. | |||
| Download ### Online | 2023 | |
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| 2023 | Ermenegildo Bidese: Sprachkontakt generativ. Eine Untersuchung kontaktbedingten syntaktischen | ||
| Linguistische Arbeiten 582. Überarbeitete Fassung der Habilitation 2020. Berlin: De Gruyter | |||
| "Das Buch leistet einen theoretischen Beitrag zur Erforschung der Dynamiken und Prozesse des strukturellen Sprachkontakts und des kontaktbedingten Sprachwandels. Es bietet außerdem Einsichten in die Syntax des Zimbrischen, eines der ältesten deutschbasierten Dialekte außerhalb des geschlossenen deutschen Sprachraums, mit dem Ziel, ein Modell zur Etablierung einer germanistischen Sprachkontaktforschung zu sein. " (De Gruyter) Nach Klärung der theoretischen Basis der Kontaktlinguistik, d.h. die sprachwissenschaftliche Betrachtung von Sprachen und deren Sprechern, die miteinander in sozialem Kontakt stehen, ist das übergeordnete Ziel zu zeigen, welches Erklärungspotenzial Sprachkontaktforschung aus einer solchen Perspektive hat. Dabei wird zunächst das grammatische System des Zimbrischen auf der Ebene der Sprechergemeinschaft unter die Lupe genommen. Das Zimbrische eignet sich exemplarisch als Modellsprache für die Erforschung und Modellierung von Sprachkontaktprozessen. | |||
| Download ### Online | 2023 | |
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| 2023 | Ermenegildo Bidese & Alessandra Tomaselli: Language synchronization north and south of the Brenner Pass: modeling the continuum | ||
| In: STUF - Language Typology and Universals, Vol. 74 (Issue 1), pp. 185-21 | |||
| The term Sprachbund refers to the convergence of typologically different languages in the same region and represents an interesting challenge to the notion of parameter conceived as a fixed value of a core syntactic option, i.e. ±null subjects. This contrast could be resolved by the methodological differentiation between surface forms and structural differences. Analyzing the status of clitic subjects and the effects of the so called “that-trace filter” in both Northern Italian and Bavarian dialects we will observe that continua primarily refer to surface forms – i.e. linear word orders – whereas the core option of a given (macro)parameter captures basic typological differences. In this perspective, we revisit the traditional Wellentheorie as a prototypical approach to analyze contact phenomena. | |||
| Download ### Online | 2023 | |
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| 2024 | Francesco Zuin: Semi-Speakers and Data Reliability: The Case of the Cimbrian Variety of Foza | ||
| In: Baglioni/Rigobianco.2024. Fragments of Languages. S. 270–294, Chapter 13 | |||
| The so-called Cimbrian language actually represents a linguistic diasystem that in the past was spread over a relatively vast area and is composed of a series of varieties differentiated according to various parameters. First of all, with regard to vitality, the language today is spoken exclusively in the municipality of Luserna and remembered in those of Rotzo, Roana and Giazza by very few elderly people. Secondly, with regard to the quantity and quality of documentary evidences. If for the dialects of Roana, Rotzo, Asiago and Giazza we deal with ‘Kleincorpusssprachen’, with a relatively long documented history that has continued until recent times, others such as those of Foza and a majority of the north-western ones are to be considered as ‘Restsprachen’ transmitted by only a few or even a single document, and others have disappeared at different times without leaving a trace except in onomastics and toponymy. Finally, the different Cimbrian varieties, while sharing a number of common characteristics, likewise show a marked dialectal differentiation, both between the three main Cimbrian subgroups and between varieties belonging to the same subgroup. Underlying this differentiation are two main dynamics. On the one hand, the more or less intense relations that each variety historically maintained with neighbouring Romance varieties, which led to significant influences on phonological, morphological and lexical levels. On the other, the movement of settlers from Germany into the various areas of the dominion, continued with varying intensity until at least the 15th century, brought different diatopic and diachronic varieties to overlap with the original ones and contributed to shape them. | |||
| Download ### Online | 2024 | |
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